4E-BP1

Test Name: 4E-BP1
Alternative Name(s): PHAS-1

Test Description: The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) binds to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) to prevent translation initiation. The pathway leading to 4E-BP1 phosphorylation involves phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector, the serine–threonine kinase AKT.

AKT

Test Name: AKT
Alternative Name(s): Protein kinase B, RAC

Test Description: AKT plays an important role in cellular survival pathways by inhibiting apoptotic processes and is one of the major downstream targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key kinase acting downstream of the activation of PI3K. Phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT) is commonly evaluated as a pharmacodynamic biomarker, and the total AKT assay is sometimes used in conjunction with assessment of pAkt.

Aurora A

Test Name: Aurora A
Alternative Name(s): AURKA ; AIK; ARK1; AURA; AURORA2; BTAK; PPP1R47; STK15; STK6; STK7

Test Description: Aurora A is a member of a family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases, and plays a critical role in mitosis and meiosis. Aurora A localizes next to the centrosome late in the G1 phase and early in the S phase. As the cell cycle progresses, concentrations of Aurora A increase and the kinase associates with the mitotic poles and the adjacent spindle microtubules. Aurora A remains associated with the spindles through telophase. Right before mitotic exit, Aurora A relocalizes to the mid-zone of the spindle.

Aurora B

Test Name: Aurora B
Alternative Name(s): AURKB ; AIK2; AIM-1; AIM1; ARK2; AurB; IPL1; PPP1R48; STK12; STK5; aurkb-sv1; aurkb-sv2

Test Description: Aurora kinases are a conserved family of proteins with critical roles in cell division and are characteristic of rapidly dividing cells. Mammals have three Aurora kinases (A, B, and C), which differ significantly in their localization, function, substrate, and regulatory partners. During mitosis, these kinases regulate the centrosome cycle, spindle assembly, chromosome condensation, microtubule-kinetochore attachment, and spindle checkpoint. Aurora B is localized at the midbody of anaphase cells and the post-mitotic bridge of telophase cells and is required for kinetochore-microtubule interactions, and spindle-assembly checkpoint.

Aurora C

Test Name: Aurora C
Alternative Name(s): AURKC, AIE2, AIK3, AIRK3, ARK3, STK13

Test Description: Aurora C is a member of the Aurora subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. The encoded protein is a chromosomal passenger protein that forms complexes with Aurora B and inner centromere proteins and may play a role in organizing microtubules in relation to centrosome/spindle function during mitosis.

Bax

Test Name: Bax
Alternative Name(s): Bcl-2-associated X protein

Test Description: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. Bax forms a heterodimer with BCL2, and functions as an apoptotic activator.

BCL-2

Test Name: BCL-2
Alternative Name(s): B-cell lymphoma 2

Test Description: Bcl-2 exerts an anti-apoptotic survival function in response to a wide range of apoptotic stimuli through inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release.

Beta-Catenin

Test Name: Beta-Catenin
Alternative Name(s): Catenin beta-1

Test Description: Beta-catenin is a multifunctional protein involved in cell adhesion and the Wnt signaling pathway. While predominantly bound to cell membranes, translocation of beta-catenin to the nucleus causes transcriptional activation of target genes, such as c-myc and cyclin D1.

c-Kit (CD117)

Test Name: c-Kit (CD117)
Alternative Name(s): CD117, Stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR)

Test Description: c-Kit or CD117, is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene. Activating mutations in this gene are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, testicular seminoma, mast cell disease, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, while inactivating mutations are associated with the genetic defect piebaldism. The efficacy of imatinib (trade name Gleevec), a CD117 inhibitor, is determined by the mutation status of CD117. CD117 is useful in the diagnosis of GISTs, which are positive for CD117, but negative for markers such as desmin and S-100.

CD20

Test Name: CD20
Alternative Name(s): APY, ATOPY, B lymphocyte antigen CD20

Test Description: CD20 is expressed on all stages of B cell development except the first and last; it is present from late pro-B cells through memory cells, but not on either early pro-B cells or plasma blasts and plasma cells. It is found on many B-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but is absent on T-cell lymphomas.

CD3

Test Name: CD3
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of differentiation 3, T3, CD3 complex

Test Description: CD3 is a pan-T cell marker for detection of normal and neoplastic T cells. It is well-suited for detecting and quantifying reactive T cells in tissue with lymphoid infiltrates, and for diagnosing T-cell neoplasms.

CD31

Test Name: CD31
Alternative Name(s): PECAM-1

Test Description: CD31 stains endothelia and tumors of endothelial origin, such as hemangiomas. Monocytes, macrophages and some megakaryoblastic leukemias stain. Evaluation can be positive/negative for differential diagnosis. For evaluation of vessel density, a high power field is imaged in the region of cancer with the greatest vessel density, and the number of vessels are enumerated.

CD4

Test Name: CD4
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of differentiation 4

Test Description: CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD4+ T lymphocytes that are an essential part of the human immune system.

CD56 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule)

Test Name: CD56 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule)
Alternative Name(s): NCAM

Test Description: Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia, skeletal muscle and natural killer cells. NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell–cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. Expression of CD56 may help identify NK cells and activated T cells. Tumors that are CD56-positive are myeloma, myeloid leukemia, neuroendocrine tumors, Wilms\’ tumor, neuroblastoma, NK/T cell lymphomas, pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, small cell lung carcinoma, and the Ewing\’s sarcoma family of tumors.

CD68

Test Name: CD68
Alternative Name(s): Macrosialin, Gp110

Test Description: CD68 is expressed in cytoplasmic granules in macrophages, histiocytes myocytes, giant cells, Kupffer cells, and osteoclasts.

CD8

Test Name: CD8
Alternative Name(s): cluster of differentiation 8

Test Description: The CD8 co-receptor is predominantly expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on natural killer cells, cortical thymocytes, and dendritic cells. It is expressed in T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and hypo-pigmented mycosis fungoides, but is frequently lost in other T-cell neoplasms.

Cyclin D1 (Bcl-1)

Test Name: Cyclin D1 (Bcl-1)
Alternative Name(s): Bcl-1, PRAD1, parathyroid adenomatosis 1, CCND1

Test Description: Cyclin D1 is a member of the cyclin family which forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. In diagnostic pathology, detection of Cyclin D1 is used mainly for the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma.

Foxp3

Test Name: Foxp3
Alternative Name(s): AIID; DIETER; IPEX; PIDX; XPID

Test Description: Foxp3 is a specific marker of natural T regulatory cells (Tregs) and adaptive/induced Tregs.

GFAP

Test Name: GFAP
Alternative Name(s): Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Test Description: Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein that is expressed in the brain by glia and tumors of glial origin.

Granzyme B

Test Name: Granzyme B
Alternative Name(s): Cathepsin G like 1

Test Description: Granzyme B is a serine protease most commonly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T cells. It is secreted by these cells along with the pore forming protein perforin to mediate apoptosis in target cells.

HER2, HercepTest

Test Name: HER2, HercepTest
Alternative Name(s): Neu, ErbB-2, CD340 or p185

Test Description: HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene. HercepTest™ is a semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay for the determination of HER-2 protein overexpression in breast cancer tissues. This assay is FDA-approved as an aid in the assessment of patients who are considered for treatment with Herceptin.

Ki-67

Test Name: Ki-67
Alternative Name(s): Ki-67

Test Description: The Ki-67 antigen is a nuclear protein, which is preferentially expressed during all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M-phases), but it is absent in resting cells (G0-phase). The antigen is rapidly degraded as the cell enters the non-proliferative state. Comparisons between pre- and post-treatment levels of Ki-67 may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of mitotic inhibitors, drugs that induce senescence, and drugs that damage DNA since Ki-67 staining is lost during the DNA repair process.

MCL-1

Test Name: MCL-1
Alternative Name(s): Myeloid cell leukemia-1

Test Description: Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) shares sequence homology with BCL-2 and its expression promotes cell viability. P53 and MCL-1 demonstrate opposing effects on mitochondrial apoptosis by mediating BCL-2 antagonist killer (Bak) activity. Cell death or apoptosis manifests in two major execution programs downstream of the death signal: 1) signaling of the caspase pathway or 2) organelle dysfunction, of which mitochondrial dysfunction is the best characterized. As the BCL-2 family members reside upstream of irreversible cellular damage and focus much of their efforts at the level of mitochondria, they play a pivotal role in deciding whether a cell will live or die.

Murine CD4

Test Name: Murine CD4
Alternative Name(s): None

Test Description: CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

p53

Test Name: p53
Alternative Name(s): NY-CO-13, TRP53

Test Description: The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. P53 protein is present in the nucleus of almost all normal cells, but is usually not immunohistochemically detectable due to a very short half-life. Mutated p53 shows impaired DNA-binding, and release from cell cycle checkpoint control following DNA damage, thereby increasing genomic instability and promoting gene amplification. Mutated p53 has a prolonged half-life and can be detected by immunohistochemistry.

PD-1

Test Name: PD-1
Alternative Name(s): Programmed Death-1, CD279

Test Description: Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a type I membrane protein that is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. It binds two ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, and negatively regulates immune responses.

PD-L1

Test Name: PD-L1
Alternative Name(s): B7-H1, CD274

Test Description: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation.

Phospho-ERK1/2

Test Name: Phospho-ERK1/2
Alternative Name(s): pMAPK, phospho-MAPK

Test Description: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), also known as extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), is a serine/threonine protein kinase shown to regulate cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, cellular morphology, and oncogenesis. Activation of ERK-1 and ERK-2 is mediated by MEK. ERKs then phosphorylate and activate a variety of substrates including transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphotyrosine protein phosphatases leading to positive or negative regulation of signaling cascades.

Survivin

Test Name: Survivin
Alternative Name(s): baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5)

Test Description: Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death.

Synaptophysin

Test Name: Synaptophysin
Alternative Name(s): baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5)

Test Description: Synaptophysin is present in a variety of neuroendocrine cells, both normal and neoplastic, and may be a helpful tool for classifying small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Staining of Synaptophysin has also been noted in a fraction of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), known as NSCLC-NE.

CD16

Test Name: CD16
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 16

Test Description: Cluster of differentiation 16 (CD16) is expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages. CD16 is one of the three subtypes of Fc-IgG receptors. These receptors are distributed widely on many cells of the immune system and contribute to the pathogenesis of immune disorders. CD16 plays a role in signal transduction and NK cell activation.

CD34

Test Name: CD34
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 34

Test Description: CD34 is expressed on hematopoietic cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels but not lymphatics (except pleural lymphatics), mast cells, a sub-population of dendritic cells, in the interstitium and around the adnexa of dermis of skin, as well as cells in some soft tissue tumors. In tumors, CD34 is found in alveolar soft part sarcoma, preB-ALL, AML, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, giant cell fibroblastoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, mengingeal hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

E-Cadherin

Test Name: E-Cadherin
Alternative Name(s): Cadherin 1, ECAD, CDH1

Test Description: E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein expressed predominantly in epithelial tissues. Cell adhesion is involved in the development and maintenance of epithelial structures and is implicated in the progress of tumor invasion. A loss of E-cadherin expression correlates positively with tumor invasion and metastasis.

c-Myc

Test Name: c-Myc
Alternative Name(s): MYC Proto-Oncogene, MRTL, MYCC

Test Description: c-Myc is a member of the MYC family of proto-oncogenes. In cancer, c-myc is often constitutively expressed. This leads to the increased expression of many genes, some of which are involved in cell proliferation, contributing to the formation of cancer. It is estimated that c-Myc regulates expression of approximately 15% of genes.

CD110

Test Name: CD110
Alternative Name(s): MPL, TPO-R

Test Description: CD110 (Cluster of Differentiation 110) is a protein that is encoded by the MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) oncogene. CD110 is a 635 amino acid transmembrane domain with two extracellular cytokine receptor domains and two intracellular cytokine receptor box motifs. CD110 is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, a subfraction of hematopoietic precursor cells, cells of the megakaryocytic lineage, and platelets.

Phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705)

Test Name: pSTAT3
Alternative Name(s): pSTAT3, phosphorylated Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3

Test Description: Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are a family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors involved in cytokine, hormone, and growth factor signal transduction. STAT proteins mediate broadly diverse biologic processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, fetal development, transformation, inflammation, and immune response. Receptor-recruited STATs are phosphorylated on a single tyrosine residue in the carboxy terminal portion.

Phospho-EGFR (Tyr1068)

Test Name: pEGFR (Tyr1068)
Alternative Name(s): Phosphorylated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, ERBB1, HER1

Test Description: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER-1) is a 170 kDa transmembrane protein consisting of an extracellular EGF-binding domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with ligand activated tyrosine kinase activity.

Phospho-EGFR (Tyr1086)

Test Name: pEGFR (Tyr1086)
Alternative Name(s): Phosphorylated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, ERBB1, HER1

Test Description: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER-1) is a 170 kDa transmembrane protein consisting of an extracellular EGF-binding domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with ligand activated tyrosine kinase activity.

Phospho-EGFR (Tyr1173)

Test Name: pEGFR (Tyr1173)
Alternative Name(s): Phosphorylated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, ERBB1, HER1

Test Description: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER-1) is a 170 kDa transmembrane protein consisting of an extracellular EGF-binding domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with ligand activated tyrosine kinase activity.

Phospho-AKT (Ser473)

Test Name: pAkt (Ser473)
Alternative Name(s): Phosphorylated AKT1, Protein Kinase B, PKB, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1

Test Description: Akt protein family, also called protein kinase B (PKB), plays an important role in cellular survival pathways by inhibiting apoptotic processes and is one of the major downstream targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key kinase acting downstream of the activation of PI3K.

Phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)

Test Name: p4E-BP1
Alternative Name(s): Phosphorylated 4E-BP1, PHAS-1, EIF4EBP1, 4EBP1, Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Binding Protein 1

Test Description:The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), also known as PHAS-1 (phosphorylated heat and acid stable protein regulated by insulin 1) binds to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) to prevent translation initiation. The pathway leading to 4E-BP1 phosphorylation involves phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector, the serine–threonine kinase AKT.

EGFR

Test Name:EGFR
Alternative Name(s): Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, ERBB1, HER1

Test Description: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER-1) is a 170 kDa transmembrane protein consisting of an extracellular EGF-binding domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with ligand activated tyrosine kinase activity.

Cleaved Caspase 3

Test Name: Cleaved Caspase 3
Alternative Name(s): CC3

Test Description: Caspases are proteases which are essential for apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Caspase-3 is one of the key proteases involved in execution of apoptosis, and proteolytically cleaves many key proteins including cytoskeletal and associated proteins, kinases, and members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis-related proteins. In order for caspase-3 to exert its proteolytic functions, it must be cleaved from a pro-enzyme form to its active, cleaved state. Cleaved caspase 3 is an early marker of apoptotic cells.

CD20

Test Name: CD20
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 20, Bp35, Leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16

Test Description: CD20 is a transmembrane, non-glycosylated protein expressed on B-cell precursors and mature B cells, but not plasma cells. CD20 is a useful aid for classification of neoplasms of B-cell derivation and for enumeration of B lymphocytes in other tissue samples.

CD27

Test Name: CD27
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 27

Test Description: CD27 is a transmembrane antigen expressed on the majority of human peripheral T cells, on a subpopulation of B cells, and on a fraction of natural killer (NK) cells.

CD27 Ligand

Test Name: CD27 Ligand
Alternative Name(s):Cluster of Differentiation 27 Ligand, CD27L, CD70, TNFSF7

Test Description:CD27 Ligand is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein whose expression is induced by antigen-receptor activation in B cells. Cells that express CD27 Ligand are usually activated and include natural killer cells, B cells, CD45RO+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, T cells and certain types of leukemic B cells.

CD37

Test Name: CD37
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 37, TSPAN26

Test Description: CD37 is a 40‑45 kDa palmitoylated tetraspanin superfamily glycoprotein that is expressed by lymphocytes and myeloid cells. CD37 is expressed in most T and B cell lymphomas, and is highly expressed on malignant B cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CD37 inhibits T cell activation and proliferation by limiting T cell receptor signaling.

CD45R0

Test Name: CD45R0
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 45 R0, TSPAN26

Test Description: CD45R0 is expressed on most thymocytes, a subpopulation of resting T cells within both CD4 and CD8 subsets, and mature, activated T cells. Results aid in the classification of T-cell neoplasms.

CD57

Test Name: CD57
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 57, B3GAT1, Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-Beta-Glucuronosyltransferase 1, LEU7, GLCUATP, HNK1

Test Description: CD57 is a membrane protein present on natural killer cells, some T cells, a few B cells, and monocytes of unknown function. Normal neuroectodermal cells and striated muscle also express CD57. CD57 can be of aid in classifying T-cell large granular lymphocyte disorders, oligodendrogliomas and neuroendocrine tumors, and classification of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

CD73

Test Name: CD73
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 73, NT5E

Test Description: CD73, encoded by the NT5E gene, is a cell surface enzyme found in most tissues. The role of CD73 and its production of adenosine are linked with immune function, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CD73 is significantly up-regulated in cancer tissues accompanied by high enzymatic activity which can mediate the production of extracellular adenosine.

CD73 Enzymatic Assay

Test Name: CD73 Enzymatic Assay
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 73, NT5E

Test Description: CD73, encoded by the NT5E gene, is a cell surface enzyme found in most tissues. The role of CD73 and its production of adenosine are linked with immune function, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CD73 is significantly up-regulated in cancer tissues accompanied by high enzymatic activity which can mediate the production of extracellular adenosine. The CD73 Enzymatic assay is performed on un-fixed frozen tissue.

CD30

Test Name: CD30
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 30, TNFRSF8

Test Description: CD30 is a transmembrane cytokine receptor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. CD30 expression is found on Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, and on activated B and T lymphocytes. This assay is also useful aid for the classification of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

CD137

Test Name: CD137
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 137

Test Description: CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and is mainly expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, activated B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells but is also found on resting monocytes and dendritic cells. CD137 is involved in a variety of diseases, including cancer, and demonstrates strong anti-tumor properties. Many tumors are refractory to treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-CD137 as single therapy; thus the combination of PD-1 and CD137 is a promising new antitumor treatment.

CD138

Test Name: CD138
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 138

Test Description: CD138 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and is mainly expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, activated B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells but is also found on resting monocytes and dendritic cells. CD138 is involved in a variety of diseases, including cancer, and demonstrates strong anti-tumor properties. Many tumors are refractory to treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-CD138 as single therapy; thus the combination of PD-1 and CD138 is a promising new antitumor treatment.

c-Met

Test Name: c-Met
Alternative Name(s): HGF-Receptor, MET

Test Description: c-Met, a high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor for HGF, is a disulfide-linked heterodimer made of 45 kDa α-subunits and 145 kDa β-subunits. c-Met signaling has been demonstrated to play a role in growth, motility, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.

CCR2

Test Name: CCR2
Alternative Name(s): C-C chemokine receptor type 2, CD192

Test Description: CCR2 is a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), a chemokine which specifically mediates monocyte chemotaxis. The interaction between CCR2 and CCL2 is involved in the inflammatory response against tumors.

CD11c

Test Name: CD11c
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 11c, ITGAX
Test Description:CD11c is a member of the Leukocyte Function Associated (LFA) family of molecules and is a transmembrane glycoprotein also known as integrin chain alpha X. CD11c is expressed on monocytes, granulocytes, a subset of B cells and activated T-cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages and may be demonstrated on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, marginal zone lymphomas, and hairy cell leukemia.

Chromogranin A

Test Name:Chromogranin A
Alternative Name(s): Chomogranin-A, CHGA, Parathyroid Secretory Protein,
Pituitary Secretory Protein, SP-I, Betagranin, Pancreastanin, Chromofungin, Catestatin, Vasostatin, Parastatin
Test Description:Chromogranin A is a commonly-used marker of neuroendocrine cells and tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. Most small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells demonstrate a cytoplasmic subcellular localization staining pattern, while most non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells are not as immunoreactive.

cIAP1

Test Name:cIAP1
Alternative Name(s): BIRC2, Cellular /inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1, HIAP2
Test Description: Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 (cIAP1) is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins that negatively regulate the apoptotic program by interfering with caspase activity.

CXCR3

Test Name:CXCR3
Alternative Name(s):C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3, IP-10 Receptor, CKR-L2
Test Description: Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, NK cells, cancer cells and some epithelial cells.

ER (Estrogen Receptor)

Test Name:ER
Alternative Name(s):Estrogen Receptor, ESR, ESTRR
Test Description: Estrogen receptor (ER) is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds estrogen and is activated by 17β-estradiol. Estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry is an important prognostic and predictive test in breast cancer.

BCL-xL

Test Name:BCL-xL
Alternative Name(s): B-cell lymphoma-extra large
Test Description:BCL-xL is a member of the Bcl-2 family and is an anti-apoptotic protein.

Bim

Test Name:Bim
Alternative Name(s):Bcl-2-like protein 11, BAM, BOD
Test Description:Bim has become a critical mediator of apoptosis-inducing targeted therapy in both blood and solid tumor cancers and binds directly to Mcl-1 and Bcl-2, countering their pro-survival effects. BIM also interacts directly with Bax, activating it to promote cell death.

Bmi1

Test Name: Bmi1
Alternative Name(s): BMI1 Proto-Oncogene, PCGF4, RNF51
Test Description: Bmi1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) has been reported to be an oncogene and regulates p16 and p19, which are cell cycle inhibitor genes.

CAIX

Test Name:CAIX
Alternative Name(s):CA9, Carbonic Anhydrase IX
Test Description:CAIX is highly expressed in a number of carcinomas including those of the uterine cervix, kidney, esophagus, lung, breast, colon, brain, and vulva. Overexpression in cancerous tissues compared to normal ones is due to hypoxic conditions in the tumor microenvironment.

CD15

Test Name:CD15
Alternative Name(s):Cluster of Differentiation 15, Lewis X Antigen
Test Description:CD15 is expressed on human myeloid cells and mediates neutrophil adhesion to dendritic cells. CD15 is present on almost all Reed–Sternberg cells and can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify the presence of such cells in biopsies from patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

CD38

Test Name: CD38
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of differentiation 38, cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase
Test Description: CD38 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells, including immature T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, plasma cells and erythroid and myeloid progenitor cells. CD38 IHC is often used to identify plasma cells in multiple myeloma.

CD55

Test Name: CD55
Alternative Name(s): Cluster of Differentiation 55, DAF, CR, Cromer Blood Group Antigen, CHAPLE
Test Description: CD55, also known as decay-accelerating factor (DAF), is localized in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 is a stromal marker in synovial tissue during early stages of arthritis. CD55 expression is higher in the sub-synovial lining in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to those with osteoarthritis.

MDM2

Test Name: MDM2
Alternative Name(s): Murine Double Minute-2, E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase MDM2, P53-Binding Protein MDM2, ACTFS, HDMX
Test Description: MDM2 is responsible for the ubiquitination of p53, nearly the most prevalently found gene mutated in associated with human cancers. This proto-oncogene therefore possesses the ability to disrupt normal cell cycling from taking place (specifically inhibiting the progression of the G1 to S phases), and may provoke tumorigenesis through proteasomal degredation by inhibiting p53, or other similar tumor suppressor genes.

Murine CD8a

Test Name: Murine CD8a
Alternative Name(s): Murine Cluster of Differentiation 8a
Test Description: CD8a is expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This immunohistochemistry assay is specific for detection of mouse CD8a-positive T lymphocytes.

Murine F4/80

Test Name: Murine F4/80
Alternative Name(s): EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (EMR1)
Test Description: The murine homolog of EMR1, F4/80, is a well-known and widely used marker of murine macrophage populations.

Murine FoxP3

Test Name: Murine FoxP3
Alternative Name(s): forkhead box P3, scurfin
Test Description: Foxp3 is a specific marker of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and adaptive/induced Tregs. This immunohistochemistry assay is specific for detection of mouse FoxP3-positive lymphocytes.

PD-L1

Test Name: PD-L1
Alternative Name(s): Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1, B7-H1, CD274 Antigen, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2 (SLEB2)
Test Description: PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation. The PD-L1 assay using clone 28-8 is a companion diagnostic for nivolumab therapy.

PD-L1 (Clone 22C3)

Test Name: PD-L1 (Clone 22C3)
Alternative Name(s): Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1, B7-H1, CD274 Antigen, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2 (SLEB2)
Test Description: PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation. The PD-L1 assay using clone 22C3 is a companion diagnostic for pembrolizumab therapy.

PD-L1

Test Name: PD-L1
Alternative Name(s): Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1, B7-H1, CD274 Antigen, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2 (SLEB2)
Test Description: PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation. The PD-L1 assay using clone 28-8 is a companion diagnostic for nivolumab therapy.

PD-L1 (Clone E1L3N)

Test Name: PD-L1 (Clone E1L3N)
Alternative Name(s): B7-H1, CD274

Test Description: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation.

PD-L1 (Clone SP142)

Test Name: PD-L1 (Clone SP142)
Alternative Name(s): Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1, B7-H1, CD274 Antigen, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2 (SLEB2)
Test Description: PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation. The PD-L1 assay using clone SP142 is a companion diagnostic for atezolizumab therapy.

PD-L1 (Clone SP263)

Test Name: PD-L1 (Clone SP263)
Alternative Name(s): Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PDCD1, B7-H1, CD274 Antigen, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility 2 (SLEB2)
Test Description: PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family of cell surface ligands that regulate T cell activation and immune responses. The PD-L1 ligand binds the PD-1 transmembrane receptor and inhibits T cell activation. The PD-L1 assay using clone SP263 is a companion diagnostic for durvalumab therapy.